Electrical Installation Data and Books for Electricians

 

Each electrical installation consists of distribution circuits, circuit breakers, consumption and protection circuits and weak current circuits.


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• DISTRIBUTION CIRCUITS
They consist of conductors, power cables and electrical panels.
• Power lines and cables
Conductor is any bare or insulated metal wire used to transmit electricity. Depending on the number of strands or wires, the conductors are divided into single-stranded, less flexible and with a cross-section of up to 16 mm2, and multi-stranded. They are made of copper, aluminum and / or their alloys.
The conductors are characterized by the cross section of their core, which is calculated as follows:
Single-stranded conductor: S = π * d2 / 4 = 0,785 * d2
where  d:  conductor core diameter in mm
S:  cross section in mm2
Multicore conductor: S = n * π * d2 / 4 = 0,785 * d2 * n
where  d:  strand diameter in mm
n:  number of strands, n = 1 + 6 = 7 (one layer)
S:  cross section in mm2
The cables,  Figure 6.3.a , consist of three parts:
• the pipeline, which must have the appropriate cross-section to meet the load requirements
• the insulation, which has an identifying color or code
• the external lining, which must be able to withstand mechanical stress
PVC material is usually used for the insulation of both the conductor and the outer casing for economic reasons and for reasons of simplicity of construction.
Cables laid in fixed wiring inside pipes can have insulation without an outer sheath.


The  Figure 6.3.v , shows section a polyclonal (3 treatments) and a monoclonal conduit respectively insulated.


Figure 6.3.b:  Intersection of multi-strand (3 conductors) and single-stranded cable with insulation
Indoor electrical cables are made with rigid copper conductors (single-stranded or multi-stranded) when intended for permanent installation or flexible (thin-stranded)
when intended for installations where "mobility" of cables is required. The twisted strands are more flexible and the cross section of the conductor ranges from 4mm2-25mm2 and consists of seven strands. For a pipe cross section over 25mm2 the strands are more than seven and this number depends on its cross section.
The minimum allowable cross sections of copper pipes in UN. shown in  Table 6.5 .


Table 6.5:  Minimum permissible cross sections of copper pipes in UN.
The color of the cables,  Figure 6.4 , is defined as follows:
• Single phase: brown phase, neutral blue and yellow green ground
• Three phases: brown, black and gray the three phases, neutral blue and yellow green ground


Figure 6.4:  Coloring of conductors-cables
The most important types of pipes according to the German standard VDE 0472 are:
a) NGA pipes.
These pipes have elastic insulation (rubber) and carry a copper wire tinned so that the copper does not come into contact with the tire and a chemical reaction is created. NGA conductors are single-stranded up to 16mm2 in cross section and multi-stranded for larger cross-sections.
NGA duct insulation can withstand up to 60 ° C. NGA ducts are used in dry areas and temperatures below 60 ° C.
B) NYA ducts .
These pipes have thermoplastic insulation that can withstand up to 75 ° C.
NYA pipelines today have almost replaced NGA pipelines.
The use of NYAs is widespread.
Advantages of these conductors are the high mechanical and thermal resistance. Their disadvantage is the non-resistance of their insulation to low temperatures.
NYA conductors are used in all cases where NGA conductors are used. They can also be used in wet or outdoor areas.
• Electrical Panels
The electrical panel,  Figure 6.5 , is the electrical component used in the UN. to enable on the one hand the power outage and the isolation of the installation, on the other hand securing the lines starting from the panel and ending in consumption. The electrical panel is the point of the UN. in which the liability of the electricity supplier ends and the liability of the electrical installer begins.


Figure 6.5:  Household Electrical Panels
The table contains:
•  Voltage Escape Differential Switch, D.D.E. (Anti-shock switch): is a leakage switch, which protects the installation and people against electric shock in the event of a power outage.
•  General switch.
•  General security.
•  Some bipolar switches: for power failure on a single line.
•  Some fuses: to protect each line from short circuit.
•  Indicator lights.
•  Neutral bar: (blue color) all the neutral pipes of the installation are connected there.


• Earthing bar: (yellow-green color) all the protective conductors of the electrical installation are connected. 
Board rails 



Electrical panels can be categorized according to purpose, installation, construction material and / or type of installation, as described below:
Depending on the purpose they serve:
•  General panels: for the entire installation.
•  Some panels or sub-panels: for part of the installation or a device.
Depending on their placement:
•  Exterior / wall panels.
•  Recessed panels.
Depending on their construction material:
•  Plastic panels.
•  Metal panels.
Depending on the type of installation:
•  Single phase panels.
•  Three-phase panels.
• Shutdown devices
• Lighting point switches
Light point switches are switches that serve lighting circuits. They are manufactured by the various companies, in accordance with international regulations and in such a way as to show resistance to time and resistance to mechanical stress. They also provide a high degree of protection, excluding any contact with a conductive part.
The luminaire control switches are always connected to the phase and never to the neutral of the luminaire power supply circuit.
• Light point switches are divided into:
Depending on  how they work  :
•  Key switches.
•  Rotary switches.


Figure 6.6:  Simple key switch
The use of key type switches has become more prevalent due to their ease of use and the elegance they offer.
Depending on their  installation  :
•  Recessed switches: they are placed in boxes which are located under the wall coating.
•  External switches: mounted externally on the wall.
Depending on their  tightness  :
•  Waterproof switches: for wet, damp and outdoor areas.
•  Simple switches: for dry interiors.
Depending on their  use  :
•  Simple switches ( Figure 6.6 ). They control a lighting fixture or group of lighting fixtures from a specific location. They are used wherever lighting control from a location is required, e.g. exterior lights, bathroom, etc.


Figure 6.7:  Switch or switch (key)
•  Success switches or commutators ( Figure 6.7 ). They control two independent lighting points or two groups of lighting points from the same position. Used in living rooms, dining rooms, etc.
•  Switches or other alternate-retour extreme: They control a light spot or a lighting point group from two different locations (for this talk about other extreme-retour). They are used where the control of lighting points from two different positions is required, such as rooms, corridors, stairwells, etc.
•  Switches or other alternate-retour minicomputers When we want to point lighting control or lighting points group of three or more positions using other medium-retour. The two end switches are all-round extremes and the rest medium.
•  Dual toggle switches or dual alleys: They control two luminaires or two groups of luminaires from two different positions.
•  Simple light switch: the indicator light helps to determine the position of the switch.
•  Button: closes the circuit for as long as we press the key.
•  Double button: for the operation of electric shutters, awnings, etc. (up and down function).
•  Button with light indicator: for the operation of luminaires in stairwells of apartment buildings.

Figure 6.8: Light dimmers .
•  Dimmers, to adjust the light intensity of a room ( Figure 6.8 ). In general, for the installation of switches we must know that they must be placed in such places as to make the operation of the electrical installation easy, functional, elegant, but observing all the regulations for safe operation. Also, regardless of the type and placement of the switch, it must be fastened properly so that there is no case of detachment during use, which carries the risk of electric shock.
• Power Switches
A. Automatic Power Switches
Circuit breakers ( Figure 6.9 ) are Power Switches (PIPs) that automatically turn on the circuit at a predetermined time if the circuit current they protect exceeds a predetermined value. They protect against overload and short circuits and consist of a DI and a thermal element or a relay that commands the DI to open.
Response time:
•  for overcharging: seconds - minutes (depending on the current),
•  for short circuit: 10ms - 100ms, when the current exceeds a predetermined value.
Circuit breakers can be connected to undervoltage or overvoltage relays to protect motors.

Depending on the device they protect, they are divided into:
•  automatic line and device switches (micro-automatic).
•  automatic motor switches.
•  circuit breakers for distribution installations.


Figure 6.9:  ABB circuit breakers.
B. Panel switches and indicator lights
The panel switches, Figure 6.10, are power switches that are used to switch off and reconnect the circuits of indoor electrical installations. It is a rail material and has specific dimensions (each simple element has dimensions of height 53mm, width 17.5 mm). The switch contacts are closed when their lever is at the top (indicator I) and open when their lever is at the bottom (indicator O).
The panel switches are characterized by:
•  The maximum operating intensity in amperes (A).
•  The operating voltage in volts (V).
•  The number of interrupting conductors (monopolar, bipolar, tripolar, quadrupole).
Depending on the number of conductors that are interrupted or connected, they are divided into:
•  Monopolar: They interrupt only one conductor, the phase, of a single-phase electrical circuit that they control. They are also installed in bipolar branches, from which are supplied power supplies with a power not exceeding 1.5 kW.


Figure 6.10:  Panel Switches
•  Bipolar: They disconnect two conductors, the phase and the neutral of a single phase electrical circuit that they control. Used in power supply with power greater than 1.5kW (electric stoves, water heaters, washing machines, etc.).
•  Three-pole: They disconnect three conductors, the three phases, of a three-phase electrical circuit they control, in domestic or industrial installations.
•  Quadrupole: They cut four conductors, the three phases and the neutral, of a three-phase electrical circuit that they control, in domestic or industrial installations.


Figure 6.11:  Format and indicators of indicator light
Regarding the indicator lights / lamps,  Figure 6.11 , they are used to indicate the operation of the line (presence of voltage or to indicate the operation of the device). They are rail materials with specific dimensions and they are placed on boards. Their colors vary without requiring a specific color for each use.
• Timers
Timers are switch mechanisms that automatically activate and connect or switch off lighting circuits or other devices, such as electric motors, ventilation systems, electric heating systems, etc. They operate after scheduled operation with various time programs on an hourly, daily or weekly basis.
The timers are manufactured by the different companies in two types, which may or may not have a backup function, that is, the possibility of continuous operation even in case of power failure, for some time, even for 100 hours.
These types of timers are:
•  Analog timers,  Figure 6.12 : Their operation is based on the property of the modern motor, which they have inside, to rotate with a constant number of revolutions, when the network frequency is constant. A disc with time divisions is mounted on the motor shaft. The time of one complete rotation of the disc is fixed and is the duration of the timer programming time.


Figure 6.12:  Analog timer
•  The digital timers, Figure 6.13: Their operation is achieved with electronic (integrated) circuits, which have inside. ΕνAll indications concerning their operating program are displayed digitally on a screen located on the timer.
A key feature of both types of timers is the minimum possible setting of the time interval between the stop command and the load connection command in the power supply circuit, which can be in the order of a few seconds.


Figure 6.13:  Digital timer
• CONSUMER DEVICES
The consumption devices of a UN include lighting fixtures, electrical appliances and / or motors.
• Lighting outfits
Luminaires, as consumption devices, consume power depending on the number and type of lamp (s) they use. Below are some of the types of lamps.
A. Incandescent lamps
The first incandescent lamp,  Figure 6.14 , was built in the 1870s by Thomas Edison.
The incandescent lamp consists of the following parts:
•  the glass housing,
•  the metal base,
•  the electrodes,
•  the tungsten filament,
•  the filament supports and
•  the glass support of the electrodes.


Figure 6.14:  Incandescent lamp
B. Halogen lamps
In an effort to increase the efficiency and lifespan of incandescent bulbs, researchers have developed quartz-iodine bulbs, known as halogen bulbs,  Figure 6.15 . Halogen bulbs are an improvement over incandescent bulbs.


Figure 6.15:  Halogen bulbs
C. Fluorescent lamps
Fluorescent lamps are gas discharge lamps that use electricity to stimulate mercury vapor. These lamps come in various shapes and sizes, with the most common being those of a tube (used for office and shop lighting) and the compact fluorescent lamp (used for home lighting),  Figure 6.16 . They are manufactured in standard lengths (straight lines) and diameters (circular) and for mains voltages 230 V and 110 V.
The tube of these lamps contains two incandescent filaments, gases, nitrogen, argon and a drop of mercury. Also, internally the tube is coated with a fluorescent substance, which is usually a very toxic thorium compound.


Figure 6.16:  Fluorescent lamp
D. LED lamp
Light Emitting Diode (LED),  Figure 6.17 , is a semiconductor that emits narrow-spectrum light when it is supplied with a forward-biased voltage. The color of the light emitted depends on the chemical composition of the semiconductor material used and can be ultraviolet, visible or infrared. Usually, circuits are used to power the LEDs so that the current passing through them is interrupted, and therefore reduces the energy consumption of the lamp, at such a high frequency that the phenomenon is not immediately perceived by the human eye.


Figure 6.17:  LED lamp
E. Arc lamp
The so-called arc lamps,  Figure 6.18 , are special lamps that contain mainly metal vapors and perhaps auxiliary some noble gas. Their electrodes work "hot". The heating is initially carried out with a special circuit that automatically shuts off as soon as the lamp begins to radiate, when the heating is maintained by the arc current or they are heated by the arc itself which starts in the form of glamor and which is formed due to the gas contained in the tubing.
The heating of these lamps, although lower than that of incandescent lamps, becomes necessary both for the evaporation of the metal they contain, which is usually mercury (Hg) or sodium (Na), and for the limited surface area of ​​the electrodes in order to emit easily electrons.


Figure 6.18:  Arc lamps
• Electrical devices
A. Electric Kitchen
An electric cooker is an appliance designed to cook food. Kitchens are based on the application of direct heat to the cooking process and may contain an oven, which is used for baking. Electricity is used to generate this required heat and the power of such a device is about 5000 Watt.
B. Electric Water Heater
An electric water heater is a device that produces hot water. Electricity is converted to heat through a resistor and the heat generated heats the water inside a container. When the temperature exceeds a value (depending on the setting) the circuit is interrupted. The power of a standard water heater is about 4000 W. As an electric water heater can operate both the solar when the solar energy is not enough to heat the water and is designed as such dual energy as the boiler when either solar energy or energy due to central heating circuit is not enough to heat water and is designed as such triple energy. Another type of water heater can be considered instantaneous heaters (instantaneous water heaters) whose power is of the order of 1800 Watt.
C. Electric Washing Machine
A washing machine that uses an electric resistor to heat water and an engine to rotate its tub with a power of about 3700 Watts.
D. Heat accumulator
The principle of operation of heat accumulators is based on the storage of thermal energy which has come from the economical night electricity and its exploitation throughout the day. This saves energy and money.
The operation of the heat accumulators is simple and is based on two parameters: charging and discharging.
Charging is related to the "amount" of electricity we want to store in the body.
Discharge is related to the energy we "get" from the body in the form of heat. The power of a home heat accumulator can reach 6000 Watts.
E. Air conditioning
It is an electrical device that with the supply of electricity can heat or cool a space with power ranging from 500Watt to 2500Watt.
All the above devices must be connected to the electrical panel of the house with their own separate lines and secured accordingly. Less consumable portable or mobile devices such as TVs, computers, etc. can be powered via common power lines.
• PROTECTION DEVICES
From the existing protection devices, in the context of the electrical plan we will refer to the Differential Voltage Leakage Switch (PIP) or "Anti-shock switch", the fuses and the lightning protection device.
• Differential Voltage Escape Switch
The Voltage Differential Leakage Switch (DCI) or anti-shock switch,  Figure 6.19  is the device, which when for any reason a power leak to ground, automatically causes its interruption. It therefore protects against electric shock, since this is a leakage of current to earth through the human body. This switch constantly compares the intensity of the phase and neutral conductors and when their difference becomes more than 30 mA, then "assuming a leakage to ground" through a relay causes a general interruption.


Figure 6.19:  Voltage Leak Differential Switch
In order for the operation of such a DDE switch to be effective, it must be located at the beginning of the circuit it protects. For this reason it is placed at the beginning of the distribution board of an EEE immediately after the general switch and the general safety and thus protects most of the panel.
• Insurance
A safety device is a device used to protect the lines of electrical installations. It is a metal thread that is inserted in the line that protects. This thread overheats and melts by breaking the circuit when the current exceeds a certain value for a certain time. If in a line of electrical installation is caused a significant increase of current beyond the permissible limits, ie overvoltage or excessive and sudden increase of current, ie short circuit, then there is a risk of developing high temperatures.
The result of these high temperatures is that the insulation of the pipes melts and is destroyed, with the possible consequence of causing a fire. For these reasons a fuse is placed at the beginning of each line to cut off the power supply when it exceeds the allowable value. Also, the fuse always enters the phase conductor. It must not be placed in the ground conductor and in the neutral.
Fuses are the cheapest and most reliable means of protection against short-circuit currents. They also provide protection against line overload. In terms of construction, the fuses are divided into screw and knife fuses. Their main property is the high switching capacity in combination with the short circuit current limitation.
Fuses today are divided into two types depending on how they operate: melting fuses and automatic fuses.
A. Melting fuses
It is the oldest, most reliable and simplest type of fuse and is widely used in vehicle electrical circuits, but also has a wide range of home use. An insulating housing made of porcelain, glass or plastic (cartridge) encloses a small conductor (thin wire), the physical characteristics of which are budgeted to withstand up to a certain current. One end of the wire ends in a colored marker which indicates, depending on its color, the rated operating intensity of the fuse. When the receiver remains in place it means that the safety is in good condition. In  Table 6.6  shows the fuses according to their nominal operating tension.


Table 6.6:  Nominal fuse strength
Melting fuses,  Figure 6.20  depending on the type of protection they are called to offer must have the appropriate capabilities and degree of sensitivity. For example, the protection that a lighting circuit needs is different from that of a motor or electronic component circuit.
In each fuse states the following characteristics:
•  Nominal tension
•  Operating voltage
•  Characteristic safety operation


Figure 6.20:  Melting Fuses


B. Auto insurance
The automatic fuses ,  Figure 6.21 , have a different construction from the melting fuses, but they also interrupt the supply in case of overvoltage or short circuit, in a similar way. After the interruption, however, we do not need to replace them, but simply to "lift" the controller and restore the power supply.

They consist of an electromagnetic element (relay) and a bimetallic element (thermal). The electromagnetic element stops in the event of a short circuit very quickly (centimeters or even milliseconds), while the bimetallic element stops in the event of overvoltage with a delay of a few seconds or even minutes, depending on the overvoltage.
Because there is a small chance that they will get stuck and do not provide protection for very large short circuit currents (3000 A and above), we must place as a general safety of the panel a melting safety and not automatic safety.


Figure 6.21:  Automatic Security
In  Table 6.7  we see the automatic fuses that are used most depending on their nominal intensity.


Table 6.7:  Rated volume of automatic fuses
Depending on the number of poles that interrupt, they are divided into monopolar and tripolar fuses. The monopolar ones are used in single-phase lines and interrupt the phase conductor, while the three-pole ones are used in three-phase lines and interrupt all three phases at the same time.
Like the melting fuses, the automatic fuses are characterized by:
•  The nominal (maximum) operating intensity
•  The time-intensity characteristic
•  The operating voltage
In  Table 6.8  shown the cross section of the conductors and the latches used per feed line.


Table 6.8:  Cross-sections and supply line fuses
• Lightning Protection Devices
Frequent lightning strikes can cause abnormalities in the electricity supply network (PPC) resulting in a surge wave reaching the input of the electrical panel and "damaging" the electronic devices that are installed in the respective home. The lightning protection mechanism is designed to withstand these surges. The relative cost to the panel is certainly less than the material damage that such an event could cause.



• WEAK CURRENT CIRCUITS
In an Internal Electrical Installation (UN), in addition to the power supply circuits of the various machines and consumables, which are called high current circuits, we also have the weak current circuits. In high current circuits the circulating currents normally reach many amperes and usually come from voltages of at least 50V. In weak current circuits the circulating currents are only a few milliamperes and come from voltages below 50V. The sources used to power the weak current circuits are low power transformers, inverters, rectifiers and battery packs. In these circuits it is not possible to develop and maintain a short circuit current dangerous to the lines or devices,
The minimum cross-section of fixed pipes in visible installation is 0.5mm2 for copper pipes with plastic insulation and placed in plastic pipes. These conductors are protected by special fuses of weak currents that are placed in the secondary winding of the transformers.
Low current installations in buildings include:
Telecommunications installations (telephone and telex), wireless communication - person search, intercom installations, electroacoustic installations (loudspeaker and translation), signaling and control installations, fire detection installations, security installations (entrance control, burglary communication, installation of radio and television signal reception antenna and installation of radio and television signal distribution.
There are many varieties of weak current installations and the connections needed in each case are provided by the manufacturers of these systems.



FREE BOOK ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

BOOKS


 ELECTRICAL STUDY OF A TWO STOREY HOUSE

 Electrical Installation Study of a modern house

 Internal electrical installations electrical design

 Design of smart Electrical Installation

 Electrical and phototechnical study of electrical maisonette

 Design - Design and Construction of electrical installation

 Thesis with title: internal electrical installation

 Electrical - IME GSEVEE

 Internal Electrical Installations - noble institution




ELECTRICAL MATERIAL MANUFACTURERS



The Internet addresses of the major manufacturers of electrical equipment

 A
ABB  // Automation and power distribution materials //  www.abb.gr
AEG  // Automation and power distribution materials //  www.elfa.gr
ALLEN BRADLEY  // Automation and power distribution materials //  www.ab.com
ATMI  // Floats - Float //  www.atmi.fr
A.TX  // Explosive Materials //  www.egsatx.com
AUDOLI  // Transformers //  www.gruppoaturia.com
AUTONICS  // Automation Materials //  www.autonics.com

B
BENEDICT & JAGER  // Relays - Thermal - Switches //  www.bnj-usa.com
BRETER  // Power Switches //  www.breter.it

C
CABLEL  // Cables - Winding wire //  www.cablel.gr
CABUR  // Connection - Terminals - Marking //  www.cabur.it
CANUSA  // Connection materials //  www.dsg-canusa.com
CAREL  // Cooling - Heating Automation //  www.carel.com
CARLO GAVAZZI  // Automation Materials //  www.carlogavazzi.eu
CEMBRE  // Connection - Nozzles //  www.cembre.com
CEME  // Solenoid Valves //  www.ceme.com
CENTRAL  // Network products //  www.central-telecom.gr
CHINT  // Automation and power distribution materials //  en.chint.com
COMEPI // Automation switch material //  www.comepi.it
CONTROL TECHNIQUES  // Electric motors - Inverters //  www.controltechniques.com
CROUZET  // Automation and power distribution materials //  www.crouzet-usa.com

D
DANFOSS DRIVES  // Measuring instruments - Relays - Inverters //  www.danfoss.com
DELTA OHM  // Control detection control instruments //  www.deltaohm.com
DF  // Fuses, bases etc. //  www.df-sa.es

E
ELAN  // Automation materials - Switch material //  www.elan.de
ELEMATIC  // Cable accessories - Spiral //  www.elematiccablingsystems.com 
ELFIN  // Automation materials //  www.newelfin.com
ELKO EP  // Automation materials //  www .elkoep.com
ELOBAU  // Sensors - Switches //  www.elobau.com
ELSPEC  // Digital Instruments - Frequency, Voltage, Current, Power //  www.elspec-ltd.com
EMMIS  // X / T Transformers //  www. emmis.gr
ERICO  // Channels - Support accessories - Rails //  www.erico.com
ETA  // Panels - Cabinets //  www.eta.it
EVERY CONTROL  // Measuring Instruments //  www.everycontrol.com
ELVIM  // Computer Transformers //  www.schneider-electric.gr

F
FANCOM  // Cooling - Heating Automation //  www.fancom.com
FANOX  // Automation Materials //  www.fanox.com
FATEK  // PLC - Communication Screens //  www.fatek.com
FESTO  // Automation of air systems //  www. festo.com
FINDER  // Relay - Timers //  www.findernet.com
FINETEK  // Measurement, Level //  www.fine-tek.com
FULGOR  // Cables //  www.fulgor.gr

G
GAVE  // Switches - Fuses - Bases //  www.gave.com
GE GENERAL ELECTRIC  // Electrical equipment //  www.geindustrial.com
GEFRAN  // Instruments temperature, time, counters //  www.gefran.com
GEROS  // Seals - Fittings - Panels //  www.geros.it
GEWISS  // Electrical material //  www.gewiss.com
GEYER  // Electrical material //  www.geyer.gr
GGK  // Installation channels & perforations //  www.ggk-online.de

H
HAGER  // Electrical material //  www.hager.gr
HELLERMANN  // Support systems - Marking //  www.hellermanntyton.co.uk
HI BOX  // Construction boxes //  www.dsehibox.com
HIGHLY  // Switch material //  www. highly.com
HIMEL  // Panels - Cabinets //  www.himelenclosures.com
HIQUEL  // Automation Materials //  www.hiquel.com
HUBA CONTROL  // Sensors - Measuring Instruments //  www.hubacontrol.com
I
ILME  // Connection - Plug //  www.ilme.com
IME  // Measuring instruments //  www.imeitaly.com
IMO  // Automation materials //  www.imopc.com
INTER  // Measuring instruments //  www.intertime.com. tr
INVERTER DRIVES  // Inverters //  www.invertek.co.uk
INVT  // Inverters //  www.invtdrive.com
ISKRA  // Electrical material //  www.iskra-mis.si
IZUMI DENKI  // Electrical material //  www. idec.com

J
JOKAB SAFETY  // Safety automation materials //  www.jokabsafety.com
JUMO  // Sensors - Measuring instruments //  www.jumo.de

K
KARL ENGHOFER  // Terminals - Noses //  www.enghofer.de
KEB  // Electric Motors - Inverters //  www.keb-uk.co.uk
KEYENCE  // Optical Detection Systems //  www.keyence.co.uk
KLAY INSTRUMENTS  // Sensors //  www.klay-instruments.com
KOUVIDIS  // Plastic structured installation //  www.kouvidis.gr
KRAUS & NAIMER  // Cam Switches //  www.krausnaimer.com
KRONOS ELECTRONICS  // Measuring Instruments - Remote Controls //  www.cronos -electronics.gr

L
LA SONORA  // Sirens - Lighthouses //  www.lasonora.it
LAE  // Sensors - Measuring Instruments //  www.lae-electronic.com
LEESON  // Electric Motors - Inverters //  www.leeson.com
LEGRAND  // Electrical Material //  www.legrand.com.gr
LENZE  // Electric motors - Inverters //  www.lenze.co.uk
LOHMEIER  // Panels - Cabinets //  www.lohmeier.de
LOVATO ELECTRIC SPA  // Electrical material //  www.lovatoelectric.com
LS LEROY SOMER  // Electric Motors - Inverters //  www.leroy-somer.com

M
MAC 3  // Floats - Floats //  www.mac3.it
MEAN WELL  // Power Supplies //  www.meanwell.com
MENNEKES  // Plugs - Plugs //  www.mennekes.com
MERLIN GERIN  // Power distribution materials //  www. schneider-electric.gr
MITSUBISHI  // PLC - Communication screens - Inverters //  www.mitsubishi-automation.co.uk
MOELLER  // Electrical material //  www.moeller.net
MULTITEK  // Measuring instruments //  www.multitek-ltd. com

N
NEXANS  // Cables //  www.nexans.gr

O
OEZ  // Automation and Power Distribution Materials //  www.oez.com
OLYMBIA ELECTRONICS  // Control Devices - Detectors //  www.olympia-electronics.gr
OMRON // Automation and Power Distribution Materials //  omron-industrial.com
ORBIS // Timers - Measuring Instruments //  www.orbis.es

P
PALAZZOLI  // Panels - Switches - Safety bases //  www.palazzoli.it
PANASONIC  // PLC - Communication screens - Servomotors //  www.pewa.panasonic.com
PEMSA  // Spiral - Seals //  www.pemsa-rejiband.com
PFANNENBERG  // Coolers - Cabinet heaters //  www.pfannenberg.de
PHOENIX CONTACT  // Connection materials - Marking //  www.phoenixcontact.com
PIL  // Sensors - Level controllers //  www.pil.de
POLA  // Cooling - Heating Automation / /  www.pola.it
POWER ELECTRONICS CONTROL  // Measuring Instruments - Remote Controls //  www.pelc.gr
POWER-IO // Electronic Relays //  www.power-io.com
PRO-FACE  // Communication screens //  www.pro-face.com

Q …
R
RECHNER  // Sensors //  www.rechner.com
RELECO  // Microrele - Bases //  www.releco.es
REVERE TRANSDUCERS EUROPE  //
Power Cells //  www.revere.cc RHOMBERG  // Sensors - Measuring Instruments //  www.rhomberg. com.au
RINGEL  // Measuring instruments //  www.ringel.gr
RITTAL  // Tables - Cabinets //  www.rittal.com

S
SCAME  // Plugs - Plugs //  www.scame.com
SCHLEGEL  // Automation switch material //  www.schlegel.biz
SCHMERSAL  // Automation materials - Switch material //  www.elan.de
SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC  // Electrical material //  www .schneider-electric.gr
SCHRACK  // Automation Materials //  www.schrack.com SCHYLLER  // Plugs - Pluggers //  www.schyller.com SEIFERT  // Panel Cooling Systems //  www.seifert-mtmsystems.de SENSOPART  // Sensors - Induction switches //  www.sensopart.com SEW-EURODRIVE  // Electric motors - Inverters // 



www.sew-eurodrive.co.uk
SICK  // Space monitoring systems - Laser //  www.sick.de
SIEMENS  // Electrical equipment //  www.siemens.de
SMC  // Automation of air systems //  www.smc.eu
SQUARE D  // Electrical material //  www.schneider-electric.us
SSET  // Voltage transformers - Surveillance //  www.ce-transduser.com
SUNX  // Sensors - Instruments - Laser //  sunx.jp

T
TEAFLEX  // Metal structured installation //  www.teaflex.com
TEKOX  // Terminals //  www.tekox.es
TELEMECANIQUE  // Automation Materials //  www.schneider-electric.gr
TEND TECHNOLOGY  // Switching material //  www.tend. com.tw
THERMEK  // Resistors //  www.thermek.com.gr
TOGAMI  // Power Relay & Thermal //  www.togami-elec.co.jp
TOSHIBA  // Inverters //  www.toshiba.com

U …
V
VARVEL  // Electric Motors //  www.varvel.com
VASCAT  // Electric Motors //  www.vascat.es
VEMER  // Measuring Instruments //  www.vemer.it
VIOKAR  // Channels - Plastic structured installation //  www.viokar.gr
VIPA  // PLC - Communication screens //  www.vipa.de

W
WAGO PLC  // Connectors - Terminals //  www.wago.us
WALTHER  // Plugs - Plugs //  www.waltherelectric.com
WALTHER WERKE  // Plugs - Plugs //  www.walther-werke.de
WEG  // Electric Motors - Inverters  //  www.weg.net
WEINTEK  // Communication screens  //  www.weintek.com
WERMA SIGNALTECHNIK  // Sirens - Lighthouses //  www.werma.com

X …
Y
YASKAWA  // Inverters //  www.yaskawa.com
YOKOGAWA  // Sensors - Measuring Instruments //  www.yokogawa.com 
Re blog
http://technicaldrawing.mouroutsos.net/designs/electrical/elements/
http://ebooks.edu.gr/courses/DSEPAL-B148/document/540076bfmu98/540076c4ftqa/54007717qrsy.pdf
https: // electricaln / texnika-arthra / ilektrikes-egkatastaseis / ilektrologikes-egkatastaseis / item / 684-ilektrikes-egkatastaseis-katoikion-vima-
vima https://docplayer.gr/5414303-Im-egkatastaseis-vasikes-ilektrologikes-ennoies.html https: / /docplayer.gr/8774592-Esoterikes-ilektrikes-egkatastaseis-i-ergastirio.html
https://eclass.upatras.gr/modules/document/pdf
https://eclass.teicrete.gr/modules/document/fpdf
https: //www.wurth.gr/uploads217/images/entypa/HLEKTROLOGOS_JAN_2017_LOW_(1).pdf
http://ebooks.edu.gr/new/books-pdf.php?course=DSEPAL-B148
https://eclass.teicrete.gr/modules/document/pdf
https://www.lemonbook.gr/uploads/ 1392498123.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://sites.google.com/site/elektrologoiepal/psephiaka-biblia-elektrologon
http://digilib.teiemt.gr/jspui/bitstream/123456789/ 2018/1 / 012014244.pdf
http://www.m3.tuc.gr/PROSWPIKO/DIPLWMATIKES/AMOIRALHS-BAROUXAS.pdf
http://okeanis.lib.puas.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/799 hlg_00696.pdf? sequence = 1 & isAllowed = y
http://okeanis.lib.puas.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/2155/hlg_201400917.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://www.ebooks4greeks.gr/2011.Download_free-ebooks/kathighths/Eidikes_Hlektrikes_Egkatastaseis_B__Downloaded_f_eBooks4Greeks.gr.pdf
https://imegsevee.gr/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/ilektrologikes_egkatastaseis.pdf
https: // www. ebooks4greeks.gr/2011.Download_free-ebooks/kathighths/Eidikes_Hlektrikes_Egkatastaseis_B__Downloaded_f_eBooks4Greeks.gr.pdf
https://www.wurth.gr/uploads217/images/entypa/HLEKTROLOGOS_JAN_2017_LOW_(1).pdf
http://repository.library.teimes.gr / links http://technicaldrawing.mouroutsos.net/designs/electrical/symbols/
https://diktia.weebly.com/uploads/pdf
http://papers.uth.gr/ekp_yliko/pdf http://polydomiki.gr/uploads/549altherma_egkatastash_LOW_TEMP_11-16KW.pdfhttp://mastrohalastis.blogspot.com/2013/03/blog-post_20.html https://www.hlektronika.gr/readum/t = 42273 https://oaedhlectrologoi.blogspot.com/